Biodiversity is the entire collection of species and their genetic differences, and the interactions among them. This complex web of life is essential to sustain human well-being, providing us with vital services such as clean air and water, and medicines.
The loss of biodiversity has profound economic, social and environmental impacts. For example, ecosystems are responsible for regulating diseases (including the mosquitoes that carry malaria and dengue) and for reducing pollution by filtering waste from water and soil. In addition, healthy ecosystems are the source of many agricultural products and provide recreational opportunities like fishing and hiking. But biodiversity is being lost at a dramatic and accelerating rate due to non-natural environmental changes caused by humans.
Scientists use different methods to measure and evaluate biodiversity, including indices of species richness, ecosystem health, and genetic diversity. Some indices are based on the number of species within an area, while others look at the proportion of rare, uncommon and common species in an area. However, it is important to note that these indices are not mutually exclusive and that any change at one level can affect other levels.
A broad range of Smithsonian scientists is working to monitor and conserve biodiversity worldwide. They are developing new tools for conservation practitioners, such as ways to track the status of populations and ecosystems. They are also designing ways to measure biodiversity over time, using data gathered by satellites and other instruments. In collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme, they are establishing a global framework to address biodiversity loss and restore ecosystems, and to ensure that benefits from biodiversity are fairly shared.